---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Practical SQL: A Beginner's Guide to Storytelling with Data, 2nd Edition
-- by Anthony DeBarros

-- Chapter 14 Code Examples
----------------------------------------------------------------------------


-- Commonly used string functions
-- Full list at https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-string.html

-- Case formatting
SELECT upper('Neal7');
SELECT lower('Randy');
SELECT initcap('at the end of the day');
-- Note initcap's imperfect for acronyms
SELECT initcap('Practical SQL');

-- Character Information
SELECT char_length(' Pat ');
SELECT length(' Pat ');
SELECT position(', ' in 'Tan, Bella');

-- Removing characters
SELECT trim('s' from 'socks');
SELECT trim(trailing 's' from 'socks');
SELECT trim(' Pat ');
SELECT char_length(trim(' Pat ')); -- note the length change
SELECT ltrim('socks', 's');
SELECT rtrim('socks', 's');

-- Extracting and replacing characters
SELECT left('703-555-1212', 3);
SELECT right('703-555-1212', 8);
SELECT replace('bat', 'b', 'c');


-- Table 14-2: Regular Expression Matching Examples

-- Any character one or more times
SELECT substring('The game starts at 7 p.m. on May 2, 2024.' from '.+');
-- One or two digits followed by a space and a.m. or p.m. in a noncapture group
SELECT substring('The game starts at 7 p.m. on May 2, 2024.' from '\d{1,2} (?:a.m.|p.m.)');
-- One or more word characters at the start
SELECT substring('The game starts at 7 p.m. on May 2, 2024.' from '^\w+');
-- One or more word characters followed by any character at the end.
SELECT substring('The game starts at 7 p.m. on May 2, 2024.' from '\w+.$');
-- The words May or June
SELECT substring('The game starts at 7 p.m. on May 2, 2024.' from 'May|June');
-- Four digits
SELECT substring('The game starts at 7 p.m. on May 2, 2024.' from '\d{4}');
-- May followed by a space, digit, comma, space, and four digits.
SELECT substring('The game starts at 7 p.m. on May 2, 2024.' from 'May \d, \d{4}');

-- Listing 14-1: Using regular expressions in a WHERE clause

SELECT county_name
FROM us_counties_pop_est_2019
WHERE county_name ~* '(lade|lare)'
ORDER BY county_name;

SELECT county_name
FROM us_counties_pop_est_2019
WHERE county_name ~* 'ash' AND county_name !~ 'Wash'
ORDER BY county_name;

-- Listing 14-2: Regular expression functions to replace and split text

SELECT regexp_replace('05/12/2024', '\d{4}', '2023');

SELECT regexp_split_to_table('Four,score,and,seven,years,ago', ',');

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('Phil Mike Tony Steve', ' ');

-- Listing 14-3: Finding an array length

SELECT array_length(regexp_split_to_array('Phil Mike Tony Steve', ' '), 1);


-- Turning Text to Data with Regular Expression Functions

-- Listing 14-5: Creating and loading the crime_reports table
-- Data from https://sheriff.loudoun.gov/dailycrime

CREATE TABLE crime_reports (
    crime_id integer PRIMARY KEY GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
    case_number text,
    date_1 timestamptz,  -- note: this is the PostgreSQL shortcut for timestamp with time zone
    date_2 timestamptz,  -- note: this is the PostgreSQL shortcut for timestamp with time zone
    street text,
    city text,
    crime_type text,
    description text,
    original_text text NOT NULL
);

COPY crime_reports (original_text)
FROM 'C:\YourDirectory\crime_reports.csv'
WITH (FORMAT CSV, HEADER OFF, QUOTE '"');

SELECT original_text FROM crime_reports;

-- Listing 14-6: Using regexp_match() to find the first date
SELECT crime_id,
       regexp_match(original_text, '\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}')
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;

-- Listing 14-7: Using the regexp_matches() function with the 'g' flag
SELECT crime_id,
       regexp_matches(original_text, '\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}', 'g')
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;

-- Listing 14-8: Using regexp_match() to find the second date
-- Note that the result includes an unwanted hyphen
SELECT crime_id,
       regexp_match(original_text, '-\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}')
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;

-- Listing 14-9: Using a capture group to return only the date
-- Eliminates the hyphen
SELECT crime_id,
       regexp_match(original_text, '-(\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2})')
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;

-- Listing 14-10: Matching case number, date, crime type, and city

SELECT
    regexp_match(original_text, '(?:C0|SO)[0-9]+') AS case_number,
    regexp_match(original_text, '\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}') AS date_1,
    regexp_match(original_text, '\n(?:\w+ \w+|\w+)\n(.*):') AS crime_type,
    regexp_match(original_text, '(?:Sq.|Plz.|Dr.|Ter.|Rd.)\n(\w+ \w+|\w+)\n')
        AS city
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;

-- Bonus: Get all parsed elements at once

SELECT crime_id,
       regexp_match(original_text, '\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}') AS date_1,
       CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT regexp_matches(original_text, '-(\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2})'))
            THEN regexp_match(original_text, '-(\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2})')
            ELSE NULL
            END AS date_2,
       regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n(\d{4})') AS hour_1,
       CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT regexp_matches(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n\d{4}-(\d{4})'))
            THEN regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n\d{4}-(\d{4})')
            ELSE NULL
            END AS hour_2,
       regexp_match(original_text, 'hrs.\n(\d+ .+(?:Sq.|Plz.|Dr.|Ter.|Rd.))') AS street,
       regexp_match(original_text, '(?:Sq.|Plz.|Dr.|Ter.|Rd.)\n(\w+ \w+|\w+)\n') AS city,
       regexp_match(original_text, '\n(?:\w+ \w+|\w+)\n(.*):') AS crime_type,
       regexp_match(original_text, ':\s(.+)(?:C0|SO)') AS description,
       regexp_match(original_text, '(?:C0|SO)[0-9]+') AS case_number
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;

-- Listing 14-11: Retrieving a value from within an array

SELECT
    crime_id,
    (regexp_match(original_text, '(?:C0|SO)[0-9]+'))[1]
        AS case_number
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;

-- Listing 14-12: Updating the crime_reports date_1 column

UPDATE crime_reports
SET date_1 = 
(
    (regexp_match(original_text, '\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}'))[1]
        || ' ' ||
    (regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n(\d{4})'))[1] 
        ||' US/Eastern'
)::timestamptz
RETURNING crime_id, date_1, original_text;

-- Listing 14-13: Updating all crime_reports columns

UPDATE crime_reports
SET date_1 = 
    (
      (regexp_match(original_text, '\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}'))[1]
          || ' ' ||
      (regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n(\d{4})'))[1] 
          ||' US/Eastern'
    )::timestamptz,
             
    date_2 = 
    CASE 
    -- if there is no second date but there is a second hour
        WHEN (SELECT regexp_match(original_text, '-(\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2})') IS NULL)
                     AND (SELECT regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n\d{4}-(\d{4})') IS NOT NULL)
        THEN 
          ((regexp_match(original_text, '\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2}'))[1]
              || ' ' ||
          (regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n\d{4}-(\d{4})'))[1] 
              ||' US/Eastern'
          )::timestamptz 

    -- if there is both a second date and second hour
        WHEN (SELECT regexp_match(original_text, '-(\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2})') IS NOT NULL)
              AND (SELECT regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n\d{4}-(\d{4})') IS NOT NULL)
        THEN 
          ((regexp_match(original_text, '-(\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{2})'))[1]
              || ' ' ||
          (regexp_match(original_text, '\/\d{2}\n\d{4}-(\d{4})'))[1] 
              ||' US/Eastern'
          )::timestamptz 
    END,
    street = (regexp_match(original_text, 'hrs.\n(\d+ .+(?:Sq.|Plz.|Dr.|Ter.|Rd.))'))[1],
    city = (regexp_match(original_text,
                           '(?:Sq.|Plz.|Dr.|Ter.|Rd.)\n(\w+ \w+|\w+)\n'))[1],
    crime_type = (regexp_match(original_text, '\n(?:\w+ \w+|\w+)\n(.*):'))[1],
    description = (regexp_match(original_text, ':\s(.+)(?:C0|SO)'))[1],
    case_number = (regexp_match(original_text, '(?:C0|SO)[0-9]+'))[1];

-- Listing 14-14: Viewing selected crime data

SELECT date_1,
       street,
       city,
       crime_type
FROM crime_reports
ORDER BY crime_id;


-- FULL TEXT SEARCH

-- Full-text search operators:
-- & (AND)
-- | (OR)
-- ! (NOT)

-- Note: You can view installed PostgreSQL search language configurations by running:
SELECT cfgname FROM pg_ts_config;


-- Listing 14-15: Converting text to tsvector data

SELECT to_tsvector('english', 'I am walking across the sitting room to sit with you.');

-- Listing 14-16: Converting search terms to tsquery data

SELECT to_tsquery('english', 'walking & sitting');

-- Listing 14-17: Querying a tsvector type with a tsquery

SELECT to_tsvector('english', 'I am walking across the sitting room') @@
       to_tsquery('english', 'walking & sitting');

SELECT to_tsvector('english', 'I am walking across the sitting room') @@ 
       to_tsquery('english', 'walking & running');

-- Listing 14-18: Creating and filling the president_speeches table

-- Sources:
-- https://archive.org/details/State-of-the-Union-Addresses-1945-2006
-- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-documents-archive-guidebook/annual-messages-congress-the-state-the-union
-- https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/all_about_ike/speeches.html

CREATE TABLE president_speeches (
    president text NOT NULL,
    title text NOT NULL,
    speech_date date NOT NULL,
    speech_text text NOT NULL,
    search_speech_text tsvector,
    CONSTRAINT speech_key PRIMARY KEY (president, speech_date)
);

COPY president_speeches (president, title, speech_date, speech_text)
FROM 'C:\YourDirectory\president_speeches.csv'
WITH (FORMAT CSV, DELIMITER '|', HEADER OFF, QUOTE '@');

SELECT * FROM president_speeches ORDER BY speech_date;

-- Listing 14-19: Converting speeches to tsvector in the search_speech_text column

UPDATE president_speeches
SET search_speech_text = to_tsvector('english', speech_text);

-- Listing 14-20: Creating a GIN index for text search

CREATE INDEX search_idx ON president_speeches USING gin(search_speech_text);

-- Listing 14-21: Finding speeches containing the word "Vietnam"

SELECT president, speech_date
FROM president_speeches
WHERE search_speech_text @@ to_tsquery('english', 'Vietnam')
ORDER BY speech_date;

-- Listing 14-22: Displaying search results with ts_headline()

SELECT president,
       speech_date,
       ts_headline(speech_text, to_tsquery('english', 'tax'),
                   'StartSel = <,
                    StopSel = >,
                    MinWords=5,
                    MaxWords=7,
                    MaxFragments=1')
FROM president_speeches
WHERE search_speech_text @@ to_tsquery('english', 'tax')
ORDER BY speech_date;


-- Listing 14-23: Finding speeches with the word "transportation" but not "roads"

SELECT president,
       speech_date,
       ts_headline(speech_text,
                   to_tsquery('english', 'transportation & !roads'),
                   'StartSel = <,
                    StopSel = >,
                    MinWords=5,
                    MaxWords=7,
                    MaxFragments=1')
FROM president_speeches
WHERE search_speech_text @@
      to_tsquery('english', 'transportation & !roads')
ORDER BY speech_date;

-- Listing 14-24: Finding speeches where "defense" follows "military"

SELECT president,
       speech_date,
       ts_headline(speech_text, 
                   to_tsquery('english', 'military <-> defense'),
                   'StartSel = <,
                    StopSel = >,
                    MinWords=5,
                    MaxWords=7,
                    MaxFragments=1')
FROM president_speeches
WHERE search_speech_text @@ 
      to_tsquery('english', 'military <-> defense')
ORDER BY speech_date;

-- Bonus: Example with a distance of 2:
SELECT president,
       speech_date,
       ts_headline(speech_text, 
                   to_tsquery('english', 'military <2> defense'),
                   'StartSel = <,
                    StopSel = >,
                    MinWords=5,
                    MaxWords=7,
                    MaxFragments=2')
FROM president_speeches
WHERE search_speech_text @@ 
      to_tsquery('english', 'military <2> defense')
ORDER BY speech_date;

-- Listing 14-25: Scoring relevance with ts_rank()

SELECT president,
       speech_date,
       ts_rank(search_speech_text,
               to_tsquery('english', 'war & security & threat & enemy'))
               AS score
FROM president_speeches
WHERE search_speech_text @@ 
      to_tsquery('english', 'war & security & threat & enemy')
ORDER BY score DESC
LIMIT 5;

-- Listing 14-26: Normalizing ts_rank() by speech length

SELECT president,
       speech_date,
       ts_rank(search_speech_text,
               to_tsquery('english', 'war & security & threat & enemy'), 2)::numeric 
               AS score
FROM president_speeches
WHERE search_speech_text @@ 
      to_tsquery('english', 'war & security & threat & enemy')
ORDER BY score DESC
LIMIT 5;